Not Just More Money: How Financial Behavior Converts Self-Efficacy and Side Incomes into Well-Being
Keywords:
Financial Self-Efficacy, Multiple Income Sources, Financial Behavior, Financial Well-Being, University Lecturers, Psychology
Abstract
This study aims to examine how financial self-efficacy (FSE) and multiple income sources (MIS) shape financial well-being (FWB) of university lecturers by clarifying the behavioral mechanism that converts confidence and diversified earnings into sustained outcomes. A quantitative explanatory design was implemented using a hybrid survey administered face-to-face and through Google Forms to lecturers at Indonesian public universities. Measurement and structural relationships were assessed with Structural Equation Modeling using Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS), alongside reliability/validity checks and mediation testing. Financial self-efficacy consistently predicted more disciplined financial behavior (FB). Multiple income sources had a positive but comparatively smaller influence. Consequently, financial behavior strongly explained financial well-being, mediating the effects of both self-efficacy and multiple income sources. Robustness checks showed minimal common method bias and satisfactory predictive relevance for the model. This study advanced a mechanism-focused account of lecturers’ financial well-being by integrating social cognitive, portfolio diversification, and capability perspectives, positioning financial behavior as the micro-foundation that orchestrated agency and resources. The results informed higher-education policy by showing how allowances and income diversification become more effective when paired with interventions strengthening financial confidence and fostering disciplined financial practices.
References
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[48] Zhuchkova, S., Terentev, E., Saniyazova, A., & Bekova, S. (2023). Departmental academic support for doctoral students in Russia: Categorisation and effects. Higher Education Quarterly, 77(2), 215–231. https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12389
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[7] Di Domenico, S. I., Ryan, R. M., Bradshaw, E. L., & Duineveld, J. J. (2022). Motivations for personal financial management: A Self-Determination Theory perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.977818
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[9] Fayomi, O. (2010). The Globalization and Development Reader: Perspectives on Development and Global Change. In International Sociology (Vol. 25, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.1177/02685809100250020703
[10] Gianakos, A. L., Semelsberger, S. D., Saeed, A. Al, Lin, C., Weiss, J., & Navarro, R. (2023). The Case for Needed Financial Literacy Curriculum During Resident Education. Journal of Surgical Education, 80(4), 597–612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2022.12.007
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[12] Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., & Ray, S. (2021). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Using R. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7
[13] Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
[14] Hamed Taherdoost. (2016). Sampling Methods in Research Methodology: How to Choose a Sampling Technique for Research Hamed Taherdoost To cite this version : HAL Id : hal-02546796 Sampling Methods in Research Methodology ; How to Choose a Sampling Technique for. International Journal of Academic Research in Management (IJARM), 5(2), 18–27.
[15] Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
[16] Henseler, J., & Schuberth, F. (2025). Should PLS become factor-based or should CB-SEM become composite-based? Both! European Journal of Information Systems, 34(3), 551–563. https://doi.org/10.1080/0960085X.2024.2357123
[17] Joo, S., & Grable, J. E. (2023). An Exploratory Framework of the Determinants of Financial Satisfaction. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 25(1), 25–50. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JEEI.0000016722.37994.9f
[18] Kim, L., Pongsakornrungsilp, S., Horam, N., & Suong, S. (2023). How to make employees happy: Evidence from Thai university lecturers. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 21(1), 482–492. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.21(1).2023.41
[19] Kock, N. (2015). Common Method Bias in PLS-SEM. International Journal of E-Collaboration, 11(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijec.2015100101
[20] Kumar, J., Rani, M., Rani, G., & Rani, V. (2024). What do individuals know, feel and do from a financial perspective? An empirical study on financial satisfaction. International Journal of Social Economics, 51(6), 771–785. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-03-2023-0239
[21] Kumar, S., Sengupta, K., & Gogoi, B. J. (2023). Interventions for sustainable livelihoods: a review of evidence and knowledge gaps. International Journal of Social Economics, 50(4), 556–574. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-06-2022-0402
[22] Lee, M., Coutts, R., Fielden, J., Hutchinson, M., Lakeman, R., Mathisen, B., Nasrawi, D., & Phillips, N. (2022). Occupational stress in University academics in Australia and New Zealand. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 44(1), 57–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2021.1934246
[23] Lone, U. M., & Bhat, S. A. (2024). Impact of financial literacy on financial well-being: a mediational role of financial self-efficacy. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 29(1), 122–137. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41264-022-00183-8
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[25] Ministry Of Education Malaysia. (2023). Malaysia education blueprint 2023: Annual progress report.
[26] Ministry of Manpower Singapore. (2023). Labour market statistical information: Professional occupations 2023.
[27] Mohamad Fazli Sabri, & Amirah Shazana Magli. (2025). Unlocking Financial Stability: How Locus of Control Shapes Well-being in Malaysia’s Low-income Households. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 33(S1). https://doi.org/10.47836/pjssh.33.S1.01
[28] Morrongiello, B. A., Hou, S., & Cox, A. (2019). Keeping pre-adolescents safe: Parental knowledge and safety promotion strategies. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 62, 59–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2019.01.002
[29] Netemeyer, R. G., Warmath, D., Fernandes, D., & Lynch, J. G. (2018). How Am I Doing? Perceived Financial Well-Being, Its Potential Antecedents, and Its Relation to Overall Well-Being. Journal of Consumer Research, 45(1), 68–89. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucx109
[30] Nguyen, M. V., Dong, H. C., Truong, V. T. N., Nguyen, H. N., Luu, L. C., Dang, N. N., & Nguyen, T. A. T. (2022). A new porphyrinic vanadium-based MOF constructed from infinite V(OH)O 4 chains: syntheses, characterization and photoabsorption properties. New Journal of Chemistry, 46(2), 632–641. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1NJ05333G
[31] Nussbaum, M. C. (2011). Creating Capabilities. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674061200
[32] OECD. (2023). Education at a Glance 2023. OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/e13bef63-en
[33] Olajide, O., Pandey, S., & Pandey, I. (2025). Financial Self-Efficacy and Debt Behavior: Does Gender or Marriage Matter? Journal of Financial Therapy, 16(1), 47–80. https://doi.org/10.4148/1944-9771.1417
[34] Pereira, M. S., Cardoso, A., El Sherbiny, N. M., da Silva, A. F. C., Figueiredo, J., & Oliveira, I. (2025). Exploring the Dimensions of Academic Human Capital: Insights into Enhancing Higher Education Environments in Egypt. Social Sciences, 14(2), 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14020072
[35] Pham, D. H. (2021). The Professional Development of Academic Staff in Higher Education Institution. Journal of Teacher Education for Sustainability, 23(1), 115–131. https://doi.org/10.2478/jtes-2021-0009
[36] Presidential Regulation No.19. (2025). Presidential Regulation No.19/2025. In State Secretariat of Indonesia (Issue 209526).
[37] Rad, D., Cuc, L. D., Croitoru, G., Gomoi, B. C., Mazuru, L., Bilți, R. S., Rusu, S., Sinaci, M., & Barbu, F. S. (2025). Modeling Investment Decisions Through Decision Tree Regression—A Behavioral Finance Theory Approach. Electronics, 14(8), 1505. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081505
[38] Riitsalu, L., & Murakas, R. (2019). Subjective financial knowledge, prudent behaviour and income. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 37(4), 934–950. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-03-2018-0071
[39] Ross, P. M., Scanes, E., & Locke, W. (2023). Stress adaptation and resilience of academics in higher education. Asia Pacific Education Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-023-09829-1
[40] Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., Pick, M., Liengaard, B. D., Radomir, L., & Ringle, C. M. (2022). Progress in partial least squares structural equation modeling use in marketing research in the last decade. Psychology & Marketing, 39(5), 1035–1064. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21640
[41] Sorgente, A., Atay, B., Aubrey, M., Bhatia, S., Crespo, C., Fonseca, G., Güneri, O. Y., Lep, Ž., Lessard, D., Negru-Subtirica, O., Portugal, A., Ranta, M., Relvas, A. P., Singh, N., Sirsch, U., Zupančič, M., & Lanz, M. (2024). One (Financial Well-Being) Model Fits All? Testing the Multidimensional Subjective Financial Well-Being Scale Across Nine Countries. Journal of Happiness Studies, 25(1–2), 13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-024-00708-z
[42] Steffen, B., Karplus, V., & Schmidt, T. S. (2022). State ownership and technology adoption: The case of electric utilities and renewable energy. Research Policy, 51(6), 104534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2022.104534
[43] Tang, N. (2021). Cognitive abilities, self-efficacy, and financial behavior. Journal of Economic Psychology, 87, 102447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2021.102447
[44] Watson, C. W. (2023). Higher education in indonesia. In Indonesia Circle. School of Oriental & African Studies. Newsletter (Vol. 14, Issue 41). https://doi.org/10.1080/03062848608729650
[45] Wetzel, A. P. (2014). Internet, Mail, and Mixed-Mode Surveys: The Tailored Design Method. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 30(3), 206. https://doi.org/10.1002/chp.20083
[46] Xiao, J. J., & Porto, N. (2017). Financial education and financial satisfaction: Financial literacy, behavior, and capability as mediators. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 35(5), 805–817. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-01-2016-0009
[47] Zahedi, J., Salehi, M., & Moradi, M. (2022). Identifying and classifying the contributing factors to financial resilience. Foresight, 24(2), 177–194. https://doi.org/10.1108/FS-10-2020-0102
[48] Zhuchkova, S., Terentev, E., Saniyazova, A., & Bekova, S. (2023). Departmental academic support for doctoral students in Russia: Categorisation and effects. Higher Education Quarterly, 77(2), 215–231. https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12389
Published
2026-06-20
How to Cite
Pratana, R., Sumiati, & Indrawati, N. K. (2026). Not Just More Money: How Financial Behavior Converts Self-Efficacy and Side Incomes into Well-Being. Review of Applied Socio-Economic Research, 31(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.54609/reaser.v31i1.856
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