Determinants of Inequality and Polarization of Expenditure Households in Cameroon
Keywords:
Inequalities; Polarization; Household expenditure; Cameroon.
Abstract
This paper analyzes the determinants of inequalities and the polarization of household spending in Cameroon between 2007 and 2014. To achieve this, it uses data from Cameroonian household surveys (ECAM III and ECAM IV). The breakdown of OaxacaBlinder (1973) and that of Duclos-Estéban-Ray (2004) developed by Araar (2008) show that the level of education, the socio-professional category and the size of the household are the factors that determine the disparity in expenditure per consumption unit between households. However, the rural environment, the Far North and North West Cameroon regions contribute more to intra-group polarization. Hence the interest in further promoting and improving educational policies, access to decent employment in areas in crisis and continuous awareness-raising actions for responsible motherhood.
References
Ambrosio, C., (2001), « Household characteristics and the distribution of income in Italy: An Application of social Distance Measures », Review of income and wealth, forthcoming.
Araar, A. (2009) « On the Decomposition of Polarization index: Illustrations with Chinese and Nigerian Household surveys » Working Paper, Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1 K7P4.
Becker G. (1962), « Investment in Human Capital: A Theoretical Analysis », The Journal of Political Economy, vol. 70, n° 5, 2e partie: « Investment in Human Beings », p. 9-49.
Becker G. S. (1993), « Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis,With Special Reference to Education », 3e édition, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Blinder, A. S. (1973), « Wage Discrimination: Reduced form and structural Variables », journal des ressources humains, Vol. 8, p 895-909
Canada and U.S. », Working Document, Vanderbilt University.
Chameni, C. N. et Miamo, W., (2010), « Les déterminants du niveau et de l’inégalité de pauvreté au Cameroun : une analyse de décomposition multidimensionnelle », MPRA Paper 25215, Librairie Universitaire de Munich, Allemagne.
Duclos, J. Y, Esteban, J. et Ray, D. (2004), « Polarization : Concepts, Measurement Estimation » Econometrica, vol.72, pp 1737-1772
Duclos, J. Y. (2006), « inéquality, polarization and pauverty in Nigeria », SSRN Electronic Journal, March 2010, « Poverty & Economic Policy », PMMA Working Paper
Esteban, J. et Ray, D. (1994), « On the Measurement of Polarization », Econometrica, vol. 62, No. 4, pp. 8 19-852.
Esteban, J., Gradin, C. et Ray, D., (1999), « Extensions of a measure ofr polarization with an application to the Income distribution of Five OECD countries » Working Paper, Instituto de analysis Economico.
Fambon, S. et Baye, M.F. (2002), « Decomposition of inequality in the distribution of living standards in Cameroon », African journal of Economic policy, vol. 9 No. 2, pp. 51-75
Fields, G. S. (1980), « Poverty, Inequality and Development », Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Fitoussi, J. P. et Rosanvallon, P. (1996), « Le nouvel âge des inégalités », ed. Seuil, Paris.
Foster, J. E. et Wolfson, M. C. (1992), « Polarisation and the Decline of the Middle Class:
Glewwe, P. (1986). The distribution of income in Sri Lanka in 1969–1970 and 1980–1981: A decomposition analysis. Journal of Development Economics, 24(2), 255-274.
Gradin, K., Toftgård, R., Poellinger, L., & Berghard, A. (1999). Repression of dioxin signal transduction in fibroblasts Identification of a putative repressor associated with Arnt. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274(19), 13511-13518.
INS (2015), Quatrième Enquete Camerounaise Auprès des Ménages (ECAM). « Tendance, Profil et Déterminants de la pauvreté au Cameroun entre 2007 et 2014 » Yaoundé, INS, P 22
Kakwani, N., (1993), « On measuring growth and inequality components of poverty with Application to Taïland », Discussion Paper, School of Economics, the University of New south Wales.
Lambert, P. J. (1980), « The distribution and redistribution of income: A mathematical Analysis », 2émé Edition, Manchester University press, Manchester.
Litchfield, J. A. (1999), « Inequality: Methods and Tools », The World Bank, Washington DC, Available on, http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/inequal/index.htm, 17juin2008.
Maurin L. (2007), « Les inégalités augmentent-elles ? », Alternatives économiques, 2ème trimestre, L’Etat de l’Economie, N°72, PP. 60-61.
Mincer, J (1958), « Investment in Human Capital and Personal Income Distribution» », Journal of Political Economy, NO 6, Vol.6, PP. 281-302.
Neumark, D. 1988. « Employers' discriminatory behavior and the estimation of wage discrimination ». Journal of Human Resources Vol. 23, PP: 279-295.
Ngouwouo, Y. (2019). Les déterminants de l’inégalité spatiale du revenu des ménages au Cameroun, Thèse de Doctorat Ph.D en Economie, Université de Yaoundé2, CMR, 231p.
Piketty, T. (2005), « L’économie des inégalités », la Decouverte, 5e ed, Paris
Reimers, C. W. 1983. « Labor market discrimination against Hispanic and black men ». Review of Economics and Statistics Vol 65, pp 570-579.
Schultz, T. W., (1960), « Investment in human Capital », the American Economic Review, N°1, vol 51, pp 1-17
Schultz, T. W., (1961), « Capital formation by Education », journal of political Economy, vol 33, pp 109-117.
Sen, A. K. (1973), « On Economic Inequality », Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Sen, A. K. (1997), « On Economic Inéquality », Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Shorrocks, A. F. (1984), « Inequality Decomposition by Population Subgroups », Econometrica, vol. 52, No. 6, pp. 1369-1386, also available on, http: // links.jstor.org/, 09 mars 2003.
Theil, H. (1979), « The measurement of inequality by component of income», Economic Letters, vol. 2, pp. 197-199.
Tsui, K. et Wang, Y. (1998), « Polarization Ordering and New Classes of Polarization Indices », Mimeo.
Wolfson, M. C. (1994). When inequalities diverge. The American Economic Review, 84(2), 353-358.
Zhang, X. et Kanbur, R. (2001), « What Difference Do Polarization Measures Make? An Application to China », journal of Development Studies, NO. 3, Vol. 37, PP. 85-98
Araar, A. (2009) « On the Decomposition of Polarization index: Illustrations with Chinese and Nigerian Household surveys » Working Paper, Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1 K7P4.
Becker G. (1962), « Investment in Human Capital: A Theoretical Analysis », The Journal of Political Economy, vol. 70, n° 5, 2e partie: « Investment in Human Beings », p. 9-49.
Becker G. S. (1993), « Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis,With Special Reference to Education », 3e édition, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Blinder, A. S. (1973), « Wage Discrimination: Reduced form and structural Variables », journal des ressources humains, Vol. 8, p 895-909
Canada and U.S. », Working Document, Vanderbilt University.
Chameni, C. N. et Miamo, W., (2010), « Les déterminants du niveau et de l’inégalité de pauvreté au Cameroun : une analyse de décomposition multidimensionnelle », MPRA Paper 25215, Librairie Universitaire de Munich, Allemagne.
Duclos, J. Y, Esteban, J. et Ray, D. (2004), « Polarization : Concepts, Measurement Estimation » Econometrica, vol.72, pp 1737-1772
Duclos, J. Y. (2006), « inéquality, polarization and pauverty in Nigeria », SSRN Electronic Journal, March 2010, « Poverty & Economic Policy », PMMA Working Paper
Esteban, J. et Ray, D. (1994), « On the Measurement of Polarization », Econometrica, vol. 62, No. 4, pp. 8 19-852.
Esteban, J., Gradin, C. et Ray, D., (1999), « Extensions of a measure ofr polarization with an application to the Income distribution of Five OECD countries » Working Paper, Instituto de analysis Economico.
Fambon, S. et Baye, M.F. (2002), « Decomposition of inequality in the distribution of living standards in Cameroon », African journal of Economic policy, vol. 9 No. 2, pp. 51-75
Fields, G. S. (1980), « Poverty, Inequality and Development », Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Fitoussi, J. P. et Rosanvallon, P. (1996), « Le nouvel âge des inégalités », ed. Seuil, Paris.
Foster, J. E. et Wolfson, M. C. (1992), « Polarisation and the Decline of the Middle Class:
Glewwe, P. (1986). The distribution of income in Sri Lanka in 1969–1970 and 1980–1981: A decomposition analysis. Journal of Development Economics, 24(2), 255-274.
Gradin, K., Toftgård, R., Poellinger, L., & Berghard, A. (1999). Repression of dioxin signal transduction in fibroblasts Identification of a putative repressor associated with Arnt. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274(19), 13511-13518.
INS (2015), Quatrième Enquete Camerounaise Auprès des Ménages (ECAM). « Tendance, Profil et Déterminants de la pauvreté au Cameroun entre 2007 et 2014 » Yaoundé, INS, P 22
Kakwani, N., (1993), « On measuring growth and inequality components of poverty with Application to Taïland », Discussion Paper, School of Economics, the University of New south Wales.
Lambert, P. J. (1980), « The distribution and redistribution of income: A mathematical Analysis », 2émé Edition, Manchester University press, Manchester.
Litchfield, J. A. (1999), « Inequality: Methods and Tools », The World Bank, Washington DC, Available on, http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/inequal/index.htm, 17juin2008.
Maurin L. (2007), « Les inégalités augmentent-elles ? », Alternatives économiques, 2ème trimestre, L’Etat de l’Economie, N°72, PP. 60-61.
Mincer, J (1958), « Investment in Human Capital and Personal Income Distribution» », Journal of Political Economy, NO 6, Vol.6, PP. 281-302.
Neumark, D. 1988. « Employers' discriminatory behavior and the estimation of wage discrimination ». Journal of Human Resources Vol. 23, PP: 279-295.
Ngouwouo, Y. (2019). Les déterminants de l’inégalité spatiale du revenu des ménages au Cameroun, Thèse de Doctorat Ph.D en Economie, Université de Yaoundé2, CMR, 231p.
Piketty, T. (2005), « L’économie des inégalités », la Decouverte, 5e ed, Paris
Reimers, C. W. 1983. « Labor market discrimination against Hispanic and black men ». Review of Economics and Statistics Vol 65, pp 570-579.
Schultz, T. W., (1960), « Investment in human Capital », the American Economic Review, N°1, vol 51, pp 1-17
Schultz, T. W., (1961), « Capital formation by Education », journal of political Economy, vol 33, pp 109-117.
Sen, A. K. (1973), « On Economic Inequality », Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Sen, A. K. (1997), « On Economic Inéquality », Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Shorrocks, A. F. (1984), « Inequality Decomposition by Population Subgroups », Econometrica, vol. 52, No. 6, pp. 1369-1386, also available on, http: // links.jstor.org/, 09 mars 2003.
Theil, H. (1979), « The measurement of inequality by component of income», Economic Letters, vol. 2, pp. 197-199.
Tsui, K. et Wang, Y. (1998), « Polarization Ordering and New Classes of Polarization Indices », Mimeo.
Wolfson, M. C. (1994). When inequalities diverge. The American Economic Review, 84(2), 353-358.
Zhang, X. et Kanbur, R. (2001), « What Difference Do Polarization Measures Make? An Application to China », journal of Development Studies, NO. 3, Vol. 37, PP. 85-98
Published
2021-06-29
How to Cite
Ngouwouo, Y., AYIAGNIGNI FIFEN, O., & NGOUHOUO, I. (2021). Determinants of Inequality and Polarization of Expenditure Households in Cameroon. Review of Applied Socio-Economic Research, 21(1), 73-88. Retrieved from https://www.reaser.eu/ojs/ojs-3.1.2-1/index.php/REASER/article/view/68
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2021 Review of Applied Socio-Economic Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright ©2019 Pro Global Science Association
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, transmitted or disseminated, in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from Pro Global Science Association, to whom all requests to produce copyright material should be directed, in writing.
