Economic Security in Post-Soviet Countries: Level of Ensuring and Development Trends
Keywords:
comparative studies, economic security, economic security dynamics, international index systems, level of economic security
Abstract
At the national level of economic security studies, a special place has always belonged to the estimating side of the problem. Estimations of state economic security serve as input data for determination of directions and ways of the security further provision. At the same time, such estimations should be considered not only as a result of a certain methodology application in a certain country, but also in the context of comparing the economic security estimations across a set of countries. The aim of the article is to determine the level of ensuring the economic security in post-Soviet countries, as well as to recognize patterns, risks and threats that affect on future development of state economic security. For comparative analysis of economic security Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Georgia and period 2016-2020 have been selected. The methodological basis of the study were: economic comparative studies, methods of summation, arithmetic mean, weighted arithmetic, geometric mean, rating; international index systems were used as a basis for comparative analysis. Using the suggested methodology of estimation allowed obtaining results that characterize level real economic security, is lower than average. None of the analyzed countries has managed to maintain an acceptable level of economic security. The determined levels allow us to state that the economic systems of the analyzed post-Soviet countries demonstrate high perceptiveness to actualization of various threats. And this perceptiveness, in its turn, leads to various negative changes in the economic systems of these countries. High perceptiveness of the economic systems in the analyzed post-Soviet countries to actualization of various threats can be explained by the changing quality of their economic potential, low levels of their innovativeness and also by the lack of proper conditions to apply the innovations.
References
[1] Azizov, A. (July 31, 2020). State debt of Azerbaijan as of June, 01, is 24.5% of its GDP, reducing during the first half of the year by 1.1%. Interfax-Azerbaijan. – Retrieved from: http://interfax.az/view/809272 [03 09 2021]
[2] Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO. (2016). The Global Innovation Index 2016: Winning with Global Innovation. [Ed. by Dutta. S., Lanvin, B., Wunsch-Vincent, S.]. Ithaca, Fontainebleau, and Geneva. – Retrieved from: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2016.pdf [03 09 2021]
[3] Dallago, B. (2004). Comparative economic systems and the new comparative economics // The European Journal of Comparative Economics. Vol. 1, No.1: 59–86.
[4] Dutta, S., Lanvin, B., Wunsch-Vincent, S. (Eds.). (2016). The Global Innovation Index 2016. Winning with Global Innovation. Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO: The Global Innovation Index 2016: Winning with Global Innovation, Ithaca, Fontainebleau, and Geneva. 422 p. – Retrieved from: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2016.pdf [03 09 2021]
[5] Dutta, S., Lanvin, B., Wunsch-Vincent, S. (Eds.). (2017). The Global Innovation Index 2017. Innovation Feeding the World. [10th ed.]. Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO: The Global Innovation Index 2017: Innovation Feeding the World, Ithaca, Fontainebleau, and Geneva. 432 p. – Retrieved from: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2017.pdf [03 09 2021]
[6] Dutta, S., Lanvin, B., Wunsch-Vincent, S. (Eds.). (2018). The Global Innovation Index 2018. Energizing the World with Innovation. [11th ed.]. Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO: The Global Innovation Index 2017: Innovation Feeding the World, Ithaca, Fontainebleau, and Geneva. 384 p. – Retrieved from: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2018.pdf [03 09 2021]
[7] Dutta, S., Lanvin, B., Wunsch-Vincent, S. (Eds.). (2019). The Global Innovation Index 2019. Creating Healthy Lives – The Future of Medical Innovation. [12th ed.]. Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO (2019); The Global Innovation Index 2019: Creating Healthy Lives-The Future of Medical Innovation, Ithaca, Fontainebleau, and Geneva. 399 p. – Retrieved from: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2019.pdf [03 09 2021]
[8] Dutta, S., Lanvin, B., Wunsch-Vincent, S. (Eds.). (2020). The Global Innovation Index 2020. Who Will Finance Innovation? [12th ed.]. Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO (2020). The Global Innovation Index 2020: Who Will Finance Innovation? Ithaca, Fontainebleau, and Geneva. 398 p. – Retrieved from: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2020.pdf [03 09 2021]
[9] Dzhafarova, M. V., Shevchuk, T. A., Kalinovskaya, Ya. O., Stashchak, A. Yu. (2019). Economic security of Ukraine: economic and legal aspects // Financial and credit activity: problems of theory and practice. Vol 3, No. 30: 70-77.
[10] Ene, A. M. (2018). EU economic security from the perspective of the economic association agreements signed by the Republic of Moldova, Ukraine and Georgia with the EU. Paper presented at the Danubius International Conferences “On European Integration – Realities and Perspectives”, Vol. 13: 280-285.
[11] Gryshova, I., Kyzym, M., Hubarieva, I., Khaustova, V., Livinskyi, A., Khoroshenko, M. (2020). Assessment of the EU and Ukraine economic security and its influence on their sustainable economic development // Sustainability. Vol. 12 (18): 7692-7696.
[12] Hausmann, R., Hidalgo, C., Bustos, S., Coscia, M., Simoes, A., Yildirim, M. A. (2011). The atlas of economic complexity: mapping paths to prosperity. Cambridge: Center for International Development, Harvard University, MIT, 108-358.
[13] Hidalgo, C.A., Hausmann, R. (2009). The building blocks of economic complexity // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Vol. 106 (26): 10570-10575.
[14] Ianioglo, A., Polajeva, T. (2017). Innovative component of economic security of enterprises: a case of the Republic of Moldova // Journal of Business Economics and Management, Vol. 18 (6): 1228-1242.
[15] InfoMarket Media. (October 2, 2020). Gross external debt of Moldova during the first half of 2020 increased by $369,3 mln (+5%), reaching $7 bln 785,38 mln at the end of June. – Retrieved from: https://www.infomarket.md/ru/banks/obschiy_vneshniy_dolg_moldovyi_v_I_polugodii_2020_g_uvelichilsya_na_3693_mln_5_sostaviv_7_mlrd_78538_mln_na_konets_iyunya#: [03 09 2021]
[16] Infopolis. (November 17, 2020). The highest in the EAEU inflation rate has been recorded in Kazakhstan since the beginning of this year. – Retrieved from: https://informburo.kz/novosti/v-kazahstane-zafiksirovan-samyy-vysokiy-uroven-inflyacii-s-nachala-goda-sredi-stran-eaes--114199.html#: [03 09 2021]
[17] Interfax-Ukraine. (June 23, 2020). Gross external debt of Ukraine during the first quarter went down by 1.2% – Retrieved from: https://interfax.com.ua/news/economic/670643.html# [03 09 2021]
[18] Kasradze, T., Zarnadze, N. (2019). Challenges of economics of georgia: good and bad economic growth // European Journal of Economics and Business Studies. Vol. 5, No. 1: 178-186.
[19] Kazakhstan Today. (September 9, 2020). External debt of Kazakhstan is $152.7 bln, of which over 80% are the liabilities of the private sector. – Retrieved from: https://www.kt.kz/rus/economy/vneshniy_dolg_kazahstana_sostavlyaet_152_7_mlrd_iz_1377904359.html#: [03 09 2021]
[20] Kozlovskyi, S., Grynyuk, R., Baidala, V., Burdiak, V. and Bakun, Y. (2019). Economic security management of Ukraine in conditions of european integration // Montenegrin Journal of Economics. Vol. 15, No. 3: 137-153.
[21] Levy-Carciente, S., (2020). International Property Rights Index 2020. Property Rights Alliance. – Retrieved from: https://www.internationalpropertyrightsindex.org/ [03 09 2021]
[22] Levy-Carciente, S., Montanari, L. (Ed.). (2018). International Property Right Index 2018. [Full Report]. Property Rights Alliance. 66 p. – Retrieved from: https://ueff.org/images/UEFF/content/indices/alliance/IPRI2018_full.pdf [03 09 2021]
[23] Levy-Carciente, S., Montanari, L. (Ed.). (2019). International Property Right Index 2019. [Full Report]. Property Rights Alliance. 76 p. – Retrieved from: https://atr-ipri2017.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/IPRI_2019_FullReport.pdf [03 09 2021]
[24] Levy-Carciente, Sary. (2016). International Property Right Index 2016. 66 p. – Retrieved from: https://s3.amazonaws.com/ipri2016/IPRI+2016+Full+Report.pdf [03 09 2021]
[25] Levy-Carciente, Sary. (2017). International Property Right Index2017. [Report]. Property Rights Alliance. 71 p. – Retrieved from: https://ueff.org/images/UEFF/content/indices/alliance/IPRI2017_full.pdf [03 09 2021]
[26] Levy-Carciente, Sary. (Ed.). (2016). 2016 Property Rights Index International. Executive Summary. Property Rights Alliance. 12 p. – Retrieved from: https://ueff.org/images/UEFF/content/indices/alliance/IPRI2016_es.pdf [03 09 2021]
[27] Macroeconomic Research. (n.d.). GDP growth in the post-Soviet countries. – Retrieved from: https://be5.biz/makroekonomika/index.html [03 09 2021]
[28] Messner, J.J. (Ed.). (2016). Fragile States Index 2016. Washington D.C: The Fund for Peace. 23 p. – Retrieved from: https://fundforpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/fragilestatesindex-2016.pdf [03 09 2021]
[29] Messner, J.J. (Ed.). (2017). Fragile States Index 2017. Washington D.C: The Fund for Peace. 44 p. – Retrieved from: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/951171705-Fragile-States-Index-Annual-Report-2017.pdf [03 09 2021]
[30] Messner, J.J. (Ed.). (2018). Fragile States Index. Annual Report 2018. Washington D.C: The Fund for Peace. 48 p. – Retrieved from: https://fragilestatesindex.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/951181805-Fragile-States-Index-Annual-Report-2018.pdf [03 09 2021]
[31] Messner, J.J. (Ed.). (2019). Fragile States Index. Annual Report 2019. Washington D.C: The Fund for Peace. 44 p. – Retrieved from: https://fundforpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/9511904-fragilestatesindex.pdf [03 09 2021]
[32] Messner, J.J. (Ed.). (2020). Fragile States Index. Annual Report 2020. Washington D.C: The Fund for Peace. 52 p. – Retrieved from: https://fragilestatesindex.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/fsi2020-report.pdf [03 09 2021]
[33] Miller, T. (Ed.). (2021). Index of Economic Freedom 2021. – The Heritage Foundation // Centre for Human Technologies. – Retrieved from: https://gtmarket.ru/ratings/index-of-economic-freedom [03 09 2021]
[34] Miller, T., Kim, Anthony B. (Eds.). (2016). 2016 Index of Economic Freedom. Promoting Economic Opportunity and Prosperity. – Heritage Foundation and Dow Jones & Company, Inc., Washington DC; The Wall Street Journal Dow Jones & Company, Inc., New York. 484 p. – Retrieved from: https://ueff.org/images/UEFF/content/indices/heritage/heritage_index_2016.pdf [03 09 2021]
[35] Miller, T., Kim, Anthony B. (Eds.). (2017). 2017 Index of Economic Freedom. Institute for Economic Freedom. – The Heritage Foundation, Washington DC. 474 p. – Retrieved from: https://ueff.org/images/UEFF/content/indices/heritage/heritage_index_2017.pdf [03 09 2021]
[36] Miller, T., Kim, Anthony B., Roberts, James M. (Eds.). (2018). 2018 Index of Economic Freedom. – The Heritage Foundation, Washington DC. 470 p. – Retrieved from: https://ueff.org/images/UEFF/content/indices/heritage/heritage_index_2018.pdf [03 09 2021]
[37] Miller, T., Kim, Anthony B., Roberts, James M. (Eds.). (2019). 2019 Index of Economic Freedom. – The Heritage Foundation, Washington DC. 474 p. – Retrieved from: https://ueff.org/images/UEFF/content/indices/heritage/heritage_index_2019.pdf [03 09 2021]
[38] Munteanu, C. (2018). Evaluation of the level of Moldova’s economic security in the process of European integration // EURINT. Vol. 5: 182-198.
[39] National Bank of Moldova. (February 2021). Annual inflation. The National Bank of Moldova. – Retrieved from: https://www.bnm.md/ru/content/inflyaciya [03 09 2021]
[40] Shamsutdinova, A. G., Tereshina, E. A., Mansurov, T. Z. (2019). Problems of Economic Security of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan in the System of Integration Processes in Eurasia // Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques, Special Issue on Environment, Management and Economy. Vol. 7: 1078-1081.
[41] Take-profit.org. (February, 2021). Inflation indicators for Georgia // Stock Exchange Portal No. 1; Macroeconomic Statistics. – Retrieved from: https://take-profit.org/statistics/inflation-rate/georgia/ [03 09 2021]
[42] Take-profit.org. (January, 2021). Inflation indicators for Kazakhstan // Stock Exchange Portal No. 1; Macroeconomic Statistics. – Retrieved from: https://take-profit.org/statistics/inflation-rate/azerbaijan/ [03 09 2021]
[43] The Fund for Peace. (2016). Fragile States Index 2016, [Report Edited by J. J. Messner]. – Retrieved from: https://fundforpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/fragilestatesindex-2016.pdf [03 09 2021]
[44] Transparency International. (2016). Corruption perception index 2016. 12 p. – Retrieved from: https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2016_CPIReport_EN.pdf [03 09 2021]
[45] Transparency International. (2017). Corruption perception index 2017. 12 p. – Retrieved from: https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2017_CPI_Brochure_EN.pdf [03 09 2021]
[46] Transparency International. (2018). Corruption perception index 2018. 16 p. – Retrieved from: https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2018_CPI_Executive_Summary.pdf [03 09 2021]
[47] Transparency International. (2019). Corruption perception index 2019. 34 p. – Retrieved from: https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2019_CPI_Report_EN.pdf [03 09 2021]
[48] Transparency International. (2020). Corruption perception index 2020. – Retrieved from: http://cpi.ti-ukraine.org/#/ [03 09 2021]
[49] Trend News Agency. (September 22, 2020). During the last eight years the external debt of Georgia grew threefold. – Retrieved from: https://www.trend.az/scaucasus/georgia/3303061.html [03 09 2021]
[50] Ukrinform.ua. (December 10, 2020). In November, the prices went higher than the National Bank was expecting. – Retrieved from: https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-economy/3152232-u-listopadi-cini-zrosli-bilse-niz-ocikuvav-nacbank.html [03 09 2021]
[51] Zhylinska, O. I., Salayev, K. H. (2019). The conceptual model of strengthening the economic security of Azerbaijan. BusinessInform. No. 1: 50-59.
[2] Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO. (2016). The Global Innovation Index 2016: Winning with Global Innovation. [Ed. by Dutta. S., Lanvin, B., Wunsch-Vincent, S.]. Ithaca, Fontainebleau, and Geneva. – Retrieved from: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2016.pdf [03 09 2021]
[3] Dallago, B. (2004). Comparative economic systems and the new comparative economics // The European Journal of Comparative Economics. Vol. 1, No.1: 59–86.
[4] Dutta, S., Lanvin, B., Wunsch-Vincent, S. (Eds.). (2016). The Global Innovation Index 2016. Winning with Global Innovation. Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO: The Global Innovation Index 2016: Winning with Global Innovation, Ithaca, Fontainebleau, and Geneva. 422 p. – Retrieved from: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2016.pdf [03 09 2021]
[5] Dutta, S., Lanvin, B., Wunsch-Vincent, S. (Eds.). (2017). The Global Innovation Index 2017. Innovation Feeding the World. [10th ed.]. Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO: The Global Innovation Index 2017: Innovation Feeding the World, Ithaca, Fontainebleau, and Geneva. 432 p. – Retrieved from: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2017.pdf [03 09 2021]
[6] Dutta, S., Lanvin, B., Wunsch-Vincent, S. (Eds.). (2018). The Global Innovation Index 2018. Energizing the World with Innovation. [11th ed.]. Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO: The Global Innovation Index 2017: Innovation Feeding the World, Ithaca, Fontainebleau, and Geneva. 384 p. – Retrieved from: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2018.pdf [03 09 2021]
[7] Dutta, S., Lanvin, B., Wunsch-Vincent, S. (Eds.). (2019). The Global Innovation Index 2019. Creating Healthy Lives – The Future of Medical Innovation. [12th ed.]. Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO (2019); The Global Innovation Index 2019: Creating Healthy Lives-The Future of Medical Innovation, Ithaca, Fontainebleau, and Geneva. 399 p. – Retrieved from: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2019.pdf [03 09 2021]
[8] Dutta, S., Lanvin, B., Wunsch-Vincent, S. (Eds.). (2020). The Global Innovation Index 2020. Who Will Finance Innovation? [12th ed.]. Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO (2020). The Global Innovation Index 2020: Who Will Finance Innovation? Ithaca, Fontainebleau, and Geneva. 398 p. – Retrieved from: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2020.pdf [03 09 2021]
[9] Dzhafarova, M. V., Shevchuk, T. A., Kalinovskaya, Ya. O., Stashchak, A. Yu. (2019). Economic security of Ukraine: economic and legal aspects // Financial and credit activity: problems of theory and practice. Vol 3, No. 30: 70-77.
[10] Ene, A. M. (2018). EU economic security from the perspective of the economic association agreements signed by the Republic of Moldova, Ukraine and Georgia with the EU. Paper presented at the Danubius International Conferences “On European Integration – Realities and Perspectives”, Vol. 13: 280-285.
[11] Gryshova, I., Kyzym, M., Hubarieva, I., Khaustova, V., Livinskyi, A., Khoroshenko, M. (2020). Assessment of the EU and Ukraine economic security and its influence on their sustainable economic development // Sustainability. Vol. 12 (18): 7692-7696.
[12] Hausmann, R., Hidalgo, C., Bustos, S., Coscia, M., Simoes, A., Yildirim, M. A. (2011). The atlas of economic complexity: mapping paths to prosperity. Cambridge: Center for International Development, Harvard University, MIT, 108-358.
[13] Hidalgo, C.A., Hausmann, R. (2009). The building blocks of economic complexity // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Vol. 106 (26): 10570-10575.
[14] Ianioglo, A., Polajeva, T. (2017). Innovative component of economic security of enterprises: a case of the Republic of Moldova // Journal of Business Economics and Management, Vol. 18 (6): 1228-1242.
[15] InfoMarket Media. (October 2, 2020). Gross external debt of Moldova during the first half of 2020 increased by $369,3 mln (+5%), reaching $7 bln 785,38 mln at the end of June. – Retrieved from: https://www.infomarket.md/ru/banks/obschiy_vneshniy_dolg_moldovyi_v_I_polugodii_2020_g_uvelichilsya_na_3693_mln_5_sostaviv_7_mlrd_78538_mln_na_konets_iyunya#: [03 09 2021]
[16] Infopolis. (November 17, 2020). The highest in the EAEU inflation rate has been recorded in Kazakhstan since the beginning of this year. – Retrieved from: https://informburo.kz/novosti/v-kazahstane-zafiksirovan-samyy-vysokiy-uroven-inflyacii-s-nachala-goda-sredi-stran-eaes--114199.html#: [03 09 2021]
[17] Interfax-Ukraine. (June 23, 2020). Gross external debt of Ukraine during the first quarter went down by 1.2% – Retrieved from: https://interfax.com.ua/news/economic/670643.html# [03 09 2021]
[18] Kasradze, T., Zarnadze, N. (2019). Challenges of economics of georgia: good and bad economic growth // European Journal of Economics and Business Studies. Vol. 5, No. 1: 178-186.
[19] Kazakhstan Today. (September 9, 2020). External debt of Kazakhstan is $152.7 bln, of which over 80% are the liabilities of the private sector. – Retrieved from: https://www.kt.kz/rus/economy/vneshniy_dolg_kazahstana_sostavlyaet_152_7_mlrd_iz_1377904359.html#: [03 09 2021]
[20] Kozlovskyi, S., Grynyuk, R., Baidala, V., Burdiak, V. and Bakun, Y. (2019). Economic security management of Ukraine in conditions of european integration // Montenegrin Journal of Economics. Vol. 15, No. 3: 137-153.
[21] Levy-Carciente, S., (2020). International Property Rights Index 2020. Property Rights Alliance. – Retrieved from: https://www.internationalpropertyrightsindex.org/ [03 09 2021]
[22] Levy-Carciente, S., Montanari, L. (Ed.). (2018). International Property Right Index 2018. [Full Report]. Property Rights Alliance. 66 p. – Retrieved from: https://ueff.org/images/UEFF/content/indices/alliance/IPRI2018_full.pdf [03 09 2021]
[23] Levy-Carciente, S., Montanari, L. (Ed.). (2019). International Property Right Index 2019. [Full Report]. Property Rights Alliance. 76 p. – Retrieved from: https://atr-ipri2017.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/IPRI_2019_FullReport.pdf [03 09 2021]
[24] Levy-Carciente, Sary. (2016). International Property Right Index 2016. 66 p. – Retrieved from: https://s3.amazonaws.com/ipri2016/IPRI+2016+Full+Report.pdf [03 09 2021]
[25] Levy-Carciente, Sary. (2017). International Property Right Index2017. [Report]. Property Rights Alliance. 71 p. – Retrieved from: https://ueff.org/images/UEFF/content/indices/alliance/IPRI2017_full.pdf [03 09 2021]
[26] Levy-Carciente, Sary. (Ed.). (2016). 2016 Property Rights Index International. Executive Summary. Property Rights Alliance. 12 p. – Retrieved from: https://ueff.org/images/UEFF/content/indices/alliance/IPRI2016_es.pdf [03 09 2021]
[27] Macroeconomic Research. (n.d.). GDP growth in the post-Soviet countries. – Retrieved from: https://be5.biz/makroekonomika/index.html [03 09 2021]
[28] Messner, J.J. (Ed.). (2016). Fragile States Index 2016. Washington D.C: The Fund for Peace. 23 p. – Retrieved from: https://fundforpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/fragilestatesindex-2016.pdf [03 09 2021]
[29] Messner, J.J. (Ed.). (2017). Fragile States Index 2017. Washington D.C: The Fund for Peace. 44 p. – Retrieved from: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/951171705-Fragile-States-Index-Annual-Report-2017.pdf [03 09 2021]
[30] Messner, J.J. (Ed.). (2018). Fragile States Index. Annual Report 2018. Washington D.C: The Fund for Peace. 48 p. – Retrieved from: https://fragilestatesindex.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/951181805-Fragile-States-Index-Annual-Report-2018.pdf [03 09 2021]
[31] Messner, J.J. (Ed.). (2019). Fragile States Index. Annual Report 2019. Washington D.C: The Fund for Peace. 44 p. – Retrieved from: https://fundforpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/9511904-fragilestatesindex.pdf [03 09 2021]
[32] Messner, J.J. (Ed.). (2020). Fragile States Index. Annual Report 2020. Washington D.C: The Fund for Peace. 52 p. – Retrieved from: https://fragilestatesindex.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/fsi2020-report.pdf [03 09 2021]
[33] Miller, T. (Ed.). (2021). Index of Economic Freedom 2021. – The Heritage Foundation // Centre for Human Technologies. – Retrieved from: https://gtmarket.ru/ratings/index-of-economic-freedom [03 09 2021]
[34] Miller, T., Kim, Anthony B. (Eds.). (2016). 2016 Index of Economic Freedom. Promoting Economic Opportunity and Prosperity. – Heritage Foundation and Dow Jones & Company, Inc., Washington DC; The Wall Street Journal Dow Jones & Company, Inc., New York. 484 p. – Retrieved from: https://ueff.org/images/UEFF/content/indices/heritage/heritage_index_2016.pdf [03 09 2021]
[35] Miller, T., Kim, Anthony B. (Eds.). (2017). 2017 Index of Economic Freedom. Institute for Economic Freedom. – The Heritage Foundation, Washington DC. 474 p. – Retrieved from: https://ueff.org/images/UEFF/content/indices/heritage/heritage_index_2017.pdf [03 09 2021]
[36] Miller, T., Kim, Anthony B., Roberts, James M. (Eds.). (2018). 2018 Index of Economic Freedom. – The Heritage Foundation, Washington DC. 470 p. – Retrieved from: https://ueff.org/images/UEFF/content/indices/heritage/heritage_index_2018.pdf [03 09 2021]
[37] Miller, T., Kim, Anthony B., Roberts, James M. (Eds.). (2019). 2019 Index of Economic Freedom. – The Heritage Foundation, Washington DC. 474 p. – Retrieved from: https://ueff.org/images/UEFF/content/indices/heritage/heritage_index_2019.pdf [03 09 2021]
[38] Munteanu, C. (2018). Evaluation of the level of Moldova’s economic security in the process of European integration // EURINT. Vol. 5: 182-198.
[39] National Bank of Moldova. (February 2021). Annual inflation. The National Bank of Moldova. – Retrieved from: https://www.bnm.md/ru/content/inflyaciya [03 09 2021]
[40] Shamsutdinova, A. G., Tereshina, E. A., Mansurov, T. Z. (2019). Problems of Economic Security of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan in the System of Integration Processes in Eurasia // Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques, Special Issue on Environment, Management and Economy. Vol. 7: 1078-1081.
[41] Take-profit.org. (February, 2021). Inflation indicators for Georgia // Stock Exchange Portal No. 1; Macroeconomic Statistics. – Retrieved from: https://take-profit.org/statistics/inflation-rate/georgia/ [03 09 2021]
[42] Take-profit.org. (January, 2021). Inflation indicators for Kazakhstan // Stock Exchange Portal No. 1; Macroeconomic Statistics. – Retrieved from: https://take-profit.org/statistics/inflation-rate/azerbaijan/ [03 09 2021]
[43] The Fund for Peace. (2016). Fragile States Index 2016, [Report Edited by J. J. Messner]. – Retrieved from: https://fundforpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/fragilestatesindex-2016.pdf [03 09 2021]
[44] Transparency International. (2016). Corruption perception index 2016. 12 p. – Retrieved from: https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2016_CPIReport_EN.pdf [03 09 2021]
[45] Transparency International. (2017). Corruption perception index 2017. 12 p. – Retrieved from: https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2017_CPI_Brochure_EN.pdf [03 09 2021]
[46] Transparency International. (2018). Corruption perception index 2018. 16 p. – Retrieved from: https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2018_CPI_Executive_Summary.pdf [03 09 2021]
[47] Transparency International. (2019). Corruption perception index 2019. 34 p. – Retrieved from: https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2019_CPI_Report_EN.pdf [03 09 2021]
[48] Transparency International. (2020). Corruption perception index 2020. – Retrieved from: http://cpi.ti-ukraine.org/#/ [03 09 2021]
[49] Trend News Agency. (September 22, 2020). During the last eight years the external debt of Georgia grew threefold. – Retrieved from: https://www.trend.az/scaucasus/georgia/3303061.html [03 09 2021]
[50] Ukrinform.ua. (December 10, 2020). In November, the prices went higher than the National Bank was expecting. – Retrieved from: https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-economy/3152232-u-listopadi-cini-zrosli-bilse-niz-ocikuvav-nacbank.html [03 09 2021]
[51] Zhylinska, O. I., Salayev, K. H. (2019). The conceptual model of strengthening the economic security of Azerbaijan. BusinessInform. No. 1: 50-59.
Published
2021-11-17
How to Cite
Kozachenko, G., Andrushchenko, I., Pogorelov, Y., Gerasymenko, L., & Romanovska, Y. (2021). Economic Security in Post-Soviet Countries: Level of Ensuring and Development Trends. Review of Applied Socio-Economic Research, 22(2), 86 - 101. https://doi.org/10.54609/reaser.v22i2.109
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2021 Review of Applied Socio-Economic Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright ©2019 Pro Global Science Association
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, transmitted or disseminated, in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from Pro Global Science Association, to whom all requests to produce copyright material should be directed, in writing.
